• Proteases as multifunctional enzymes play

  2019-09-24

  

  Proteases, as multifunctional enzymes, play key roles in controlling a wide variety of cellular and extracellular processes in plants and animals, including protein degradation and processing, germination, complement activation, inflammation, responses to environmental stimuli, senescence and so on.

• The ribosomal synthesis of D

  2019-09-23

  

  The ribosomal synthesis of D-proteins is not currently feasible; the best effort undertaken so far was limited to the translational incorporation of two D-amino acids into the nascent protein chain by means of modified ribosomes (Dedkova et al., 2006). We therefore apply solid-phase peptide synthesi

• Calcium dependence of CaM target interaction was analyzed

  2019-09-23

  

  Calcium dependence of CaM/target interaction was analyzed using a titration matrix in which both Ca2+ and CaM concentrations were changed. This gave us access to different parameters characterizing the interaction and namely to the number of bound Ca2+ required for the interaction to occur. Our app

• Ion Channel Compound Library br Concluding Remarks Synthetic

  2019-09-23

  

  Concluding Remarks Synthetic cytokine biology has become an important research area with novel solutions and ideas for therapeutic approaches, for example, synthekines, fusokines, immunocytokines, neoleukins, MESA receptors, or synthetic Notch or cytokine receptors. In addition to their huge impa

• Examination of Wnt signaling via for example complexes of

  2019-09-23

  

  Examination of Wnt signaling via, for example, complexes of frizzled (Fz) and lipoprotein-receptor-related protein (LRP) receptors has been hindered by difficulties in producing Wnt ligands due to their inherent hydrophobicity [20]. This bottleneck was recently bypassed by constructing highly solubl

• In a previous study we reported that the

  2019-09-23

  

  In a previous study we reported that the systemic administration of the α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin attenuates the deficit in ARCA EGFP reward function associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal (Bruijnzeel et al., 2010). One of the aims of the present experiments was to investi

• The first group of tests was intended

  2019-09-23

  

  The first group of tests was intended to evaluate the performance of the GUI initialization. We evaluated the times obtained for different initial GUI models with 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 20 components as shown to the user. These sizes were chosen since GUIs (developed within our COTS-based architectures

• br EphB as a therapeutic target

  2019-09-23

  

  EphB4 as a therapeutic target in cancer Eph receptors and ephrins are promising new therapeutic targets in cancer. Various strategies have been employed to evaluate the interference of tumor-promoting effects or the enhancement of tumor suppressive effects. The inhibition of the Eph-ephrin system

• Introduction The number of patients

  2019-09-23

  

  Introduction The number of patients with type 2 diabetes is increasing globally, and has become a serious public health problem. Type 2 diabetic patients exhibit a higher risk of bone fracture [1]. In addition, clinical studies have indicated that increased fracture risk is associated with long-ter

• An important question is to what extent

  2019-09-23

  

  An important question is to what extent any differences in radioligand characteristics may have contributed to discrepancies between studies. Two studies on schizophrenia addressed this question directly by using [11C]SCH 23390 and [11C]NCC 112 in the same individuals, not finding any differences be

• 90 Transcription can also be impaired

  2019-09-23

  

  Transcription can also be impaired by lesions in the template DNA strand, which may lead to stalling of RNA polymerase (RNAP) or to transcriptional mutagenesis, thus producing mutant RNAs and proteins [[3], [4], [5], [6], [7]]. At the same time, RNAP can act as a sensor for DNA lesions, by attractin

• br Acknowledgements This work was supported by a Grant for

  2019-09-23

  

  Acknowledgements This work was supported by a Grant for the Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities S1101017 organized by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT), Japan and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP22560209 and JP5K05842. The

• br The DDR kinase domain The

  2019-09-23

  

  The DDR1 kinase domain The DDR1 intracellular kinase domain shares the typical structure of other kinase domains (Fig. 1). However, how DDR1 kinase is activated upon collagen binding is poorly understood. It is thought that the process is fundamentally different from the accepted paradigm of liga

• Apart from neutrophil mediated inflammation

  2019-09-23

  

  Apart from neutrophil-mediated inflammation, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from PGD2/CRTH2 activated macrophages could further aggravate LPS-induced lung injury (Eguchi et al., 2011; Jandl et al., 2016). Interestingly, genetic ablation of CRTH2 diminishes the TNF-α prod

• Analysis of DNA fragmentation We followed a modified Hirt

  2019-09-23

  

  Analysis of DNA fragmentation. We followed a modified Hirt extraction procedure for analysis of DNA fragmentation. Cells were suspended in TNE buffer (1M NaCl, 20mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.4, 2mM EDTA, and 0.6% SDS) at a density of 106 cells/ml and incubated overnight on ice. The next day, cellular debris wa

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