• g-quadruplex br Funding This work was

  2021-10-18

  

  Funding This work was supported by grants of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine within the programs “Molecular and cellular biotechnologies for medicine, industry and agriculture” (#35-2018), “Scientific Space Research for 2018-2022” (#19-2018), “Smart sensory devices of a new generation

• Yeast two hybrid screening studies

  2021-10-18

  

  Yeast two-hybrid screening studies have provided the foundation for countless investigations of protein-protein interactions [[141], [142], [143]]. To identify additional hepatic proteins similar to GKRP that are implicated in GCK regulation, a group of researchers conducted a two-hybrid study using

• Many studies support that Gli transcription

  2021-10-18

  

  Many studies support that Gli transcription factors are not solely regulated by Hh/smo signaling but are also influenced by crosstalk with other pathways, such as RAS, PI3K/AKT, transforming growth factor-b/SMAD, PKC, or extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways which are downstream and indepen

• Cytokines and hormones influence both gap junctions and endo

  2021-10-18

  

  Cytokines and hormones influence both gap junctions [106] and endocrine activity in the pituitary [3]. Long-term treatment (2 h) with the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (Il-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) transiently increases Cx43 expression and cell coupling in TtT/GF Telatinib [

• br Although D reconstruction of an invertebrate gap junction

  2021-10-18

  

  Although 3D reconstruction of an invertebrate gap junction channel from native tissue of crayfish was reported in 1991, the negative-staining EM imaging was limited to low-resolution structural analysis [39]. The oligomeric number of innexin channels was believed to be the same as that in connexin

• Conversely we find that dysfunction in

  2021-10-18

  

  Conversely, we find that dysfunction in lysosomal-autophagy system observed in human APP and PSEN1 mutant neurons can be reversed by β-secretase inhibition, which reduces the supply of APP-β-CTF to the late endosome and/or lysosome (Jiang et al., 2010). These data argue that accumulation and/or alte

• br Secretase modulators a loss of pharmacology A lack of

  2021-10-18

  

  γ-Secretase modulators: a loss of pharmacology? A lack of translation from in vitro to in vivo pharmacology is an unresolved issue among most GSMs. R-flurbiprofen was tested in clinical trials, however, it did not achieve statistical significance on either of its primary endpoints – cognition or

• br Conclusion br Acknowledgements br Introduction

  2021-10-18

  

  Conclusion Acknowledgements Introduction γ- Aminobutyric Fructose (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult central nervous system. GABA receptors are divided into two classes, GABAA and GABAB. GABAA is an ionotropic receptor that mediates fast GABA responses by opening t

• br Acknowledgments I thank Takeshi Sakaba for critical readi

  2021-10-16

  

  Acknowledgments I thank Takeshi Sakaba for critical reading of the manuscript and helpful comments. This work was supported by JSPS/MEXT KAKENHI Grant Numbers 17K19466, 17H03548. Introduction The oral route of drug application is the main route in pharmacology since it is easy to handle and o

• br Conclusion The histamine H receptor has been

  2021-10-16

  

  Conclusion The histamine H3 receptor has been the focus of a great deal of research over the past four decades and in this context, substantial progress has been made in developing H3R-related ligands. The involvement of H3Rs in many neurological disorders has been documented by several lines of

• br HER proto oncogene The erbB gene located on

  2021-10-16

  

  HER2 proto-oncogene The erbB2 gene, located on the short arm of chromosome 17, was discovered and cloned in 1983 (Fig. 1) (Sato et al., 1983). The product of this gene, HER2, is a transmembrane glycoprotein of 185 KDa that consists of three main domains: an extracellular, a transmembrane and an

• In the Hedgehog signaling pathway cholesterol

  2021-10-16

  

  In the Hedgehog signaling pathway, cholesterol is required to activate SMO (Cooper et al., 2003), the downstream target of PTCH1. A previous study (Bidet et al., 2011) reported that Patched expression in yeast 234 2 increased extrusion of a fluorescent boron dipyromethanene sterol derivative (BODIP

• Anti apoptotic Bcl proteins have become

  2021-10-16

  

  Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins have become attractive targets for anti-cancer agents development, because they are associated with progression of a wide variety of human cancers., , The small-molecular Bcl-2 inhibitor venetoclax (ABT-199) () has been approved recently for the treatment of patients w

• An interesting question is why RhoF

  2021-10-16

  

  An interesting question is why RhoF has such the slow rate of GDP dissociation. The amino induced pluripotent stem cell mutations in a presumable GDP-binding site of RhoF had only moderate effects on the GDP dissociation (Fig. 3C), which suggests a mechanism involving the global amino acid sequence

• br The concept of the axo

  2021-10-16

  

  The concept of the axo-myelin ‘synapse’ Axons can release glutamate in a Ca+-dependent and independent manner (reviewed in [13,69]). Glutamate released from axons activates GluRs located in myelin, a feature that gave rise to the idea of the axo-myelin ‘synapse’ by analogy with classical synaptic

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